.هفت لائیسیته فرانسوی <> The seven French secularisms

With the law on the separation of Church and State (1905) and its inclusion in the Constitution (1946 and 1958), secularism has emerged as an important reference in France. Since the beginning of the 21st century, it has been increasingly invoked, and a very large majority of French people say that they are “attached” to it. However, there is great confusion over the meaning of this term. Moreover, once an essential value of the left, it is increasingly omnipresent in the political discourse of the right and the far right. In fact, Jean Baubérot explains to us, there is no single “French model” of secularism, but rather divergent visions that clash in an ever-changing balance of power. Thus, the content of the 1905 law represented a challenge between four different conceptions of secularism. These have survived by adapting, while three “new secularities” have emerged. The author describes these seven secularities by qualifying them: anti-religious secularism, Gallican secularism, strict separatist separatist secularism, inclusive separatist separatist secularism, open secularism, identity secularism and concordat secularism. Finally, Jean Baubérot explains the changes in secularism since the end of the 19th century and proposes hypotheses on its future.